Reverse osmosis desalination plants utilize high-pressure pumps, power converters, and semi-permeable membranes. Seawater is pressurized to 55-85 bar, depending on its salinity and temperature, before passing through the membranes. These membranes allow water molecules to pass while blocking dissolved substances. The pressure difference across the membrane ranges from 1.5 to 2 bar. Energy conversion devices (ERD) capture and reuse energy from the concentration difference, enhancing system efficiency. The energy is transferred back to the water feed section, optimizing the overall process and reducing operational costs.